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As the next-generation mobile communication network standard, 5G technology brings together the wisdom of ICT experts and researchers around the world. With the accelerated pace of global commercialization, the tide of 5G industry development has slowly opened up a magnificent technology. Picture. This is by far the most daring imagination of human beings for the seemingly unreachable future of mobile communication technology. The official name for the 5G protocol standard is New Radio (NR), commonly known as the new air interface technology. Many readers are very interested in what is the new aspect of 5G mobile communication compared to 4G mobile communication in terms of technical characteristics and network operation and maintenance? To this end, our reporter specially invited Dr. Zhang Yang, a well-known mobile communication expert in the industry, to open up the column “Where is the 5G New” in this newspaper, and introduce the “new” of 5G from various angles. This issue is the first one. First of all, from a macro perspective, what new design concepts and development directions are there in the 5G industry.

As a technology innovation in the whole industry chain, 5G can be considered as the first application-oriented communication protocol standard formulation and system design. It is a revolution that drives the underlying design by high-level. As a "Transformer" in the communication system, 5G provides a set of unified basic framework mechanisms that can be applied to a variety of application needs. In summary, it includes the following new features:

New application requirements

As a communication system architecture designed with application driver, 5G has a clear design goal and requirements, mainly to provide high reliability (low bit error rate) and low latency service. High reliability means high reliability. A packet of approximately 0 error is transmitted under a defined time delay. Reliability can be assessed by the rate at which packets are successfully transmitted (or reverse packet error rates). Different URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications) use cases may vary for the required ratio and latency threshold; Availability relates to communication links that provide reliable service through 3GPP systems, where the communication link includes end-to-end channels including air interface links, transmission links, and different hardware and software functions. High-availability essence means quality and capacity guarantee. 5G emphasizes a higher adaptability in system architecture design. Air interface is a standardized access layer technology, which can be adapted through software and hardware resources, frequency and parameter adjustment. Application scenarios and requirements; 5G has clear metrics for low latency targets. For example, control plane delay refers to the delay of the device transitioning from IDLE state to continuous data transmission state. The target value is 10ms, and LTE is compared. The delay is 50 to 100 ms. The user plane delay refers to the delay of the application layer data packet passing through the 2/3 layer import SDU of the wireless protocol stack to the 2/3 layer exit SDU of the peer wireless protocol stack, and the user plane delay for the uplink/downlink user plane. The delay requirement is 0.5ms (Note: LTE has one subframe for 1ms and one slot for 0.5ms). The intermittent packet service (IoT) delay is based on the maximum path loss of 164dB, when the uplink transmission of 20byte application data packets (physical layer 105byte) does not exceed 10 seconds.

New networking mode

The 5G networking mode is more novel and flexible than 4G. It mainly includes four methods: decentralized deployment, LTE co-site deployment, centralized deployment, and shared deployment among operators. The applicable scenarios are different in different modes, and the networking features are different. the same. For example, for the decentralized deployment mode, the network nodes are flattened, and the access network element nodes are interconnected and connected to the LTE eNB. The networking mode is the same as that of the 4G existing network; in the case where the existing site resources are scarce, The LTE co-site is deployed for network deployment, and the physical resource deep integration can be realized through the common baseband processing unit, or the physical resource reuse can be realized by simply sharing the common frame, the common room, and the common surface. The networking mode can maximize the use of spectrum resources through heterogeneous system interconnection and service balancing, and it is easier to implement load sharing. The centralized networking mode means centralized deployment. This is the concept of C-RAN, where CU and DU are separated. The decoupling between the protocol stacks can save the resources of the base station equipment room, realize the sharing of load and resources, and improve the performance of technologies such as CoMP multi-point collaboration. Networking mode (multiple small areas), sharing access network frequency, can be public frequency or a certain carrier frequency. The mobility performance between the non-shared area and the shared area should be comparable to the mobile performance within the LTE network system.

New access network architecture

The new access network is compatible with the existing network LTE base station, which mainly includes two kinds of logical network elements, one is a 5G base station gNodeB, which is responsible for providing the user plane and control plane protocol of the NR; the other is an upgraded version of the LTE base station eNodeB, which is responsible for providing User plane and control plane protocol for E-UTRA. The interface between the LTE access network logical nodes (eNodeBs) of the current network is called an X2 interface, and the interface between the 5G access network logical nodes (gNodeBs) is called an Xn interface, and the interface between the gNodeB and the 5G core network is called an interface. NG interface. The network architecture of the access network and the core network is defined in the standard protocol. The two types of the network are the two types of the network. And the access network) and the Option 5 solution (the eLTE eNB is interconnected with the NGC. The networking mode is characterized by the ability to upgrade the existing LTE base station, perform core network replacement, and the network investment is small), and includes Option 3 of the non-independent networking. /3A (NR non-independent setting, NR user plane can be interconnected with existing core network through LTE eNB<3>, or directly connected to <3A>, which is convenient for rapid deployment, upgrade of existing network) and Option7/7A Solution (NR is not independent setting, NR user plane can be interconnected with NGC through LTE eNB <7>, or can directly interconnect <7A>, retain LTE access network equipment, replace existing core network).

New application scenario

5G application scenarios mainly include three categories, eMBB (enhanced Mobile BroadBand) enhanced mobile broadband service (compared to URLLC may have a time delay), typical applications of such scenarios such as AR / VR, HDTV signal transmission, etc. for bandwidth The demand is very high. Under the premise of ensuring the transmission quality, we can feel the real-time image return from the player's perspective when we sit in front of the TV; mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications) massive IoT communication is oriented Provides a million-scale object connection, realizes all things interconnection, can realize remote positioning of items, data acquisition, real-time monitoring or automatic control of objects; URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications) extremely reliable low-latency communication oriented time Delays are sensitive to applications that are extremely dependent on network performance, such as vehicle autopilot take-over, telemedicine, outdoor surgery, emergency rescue, and more.

New evaluation system

Based on the traditional 4G data network evaluation system, 5G derives some new evaluation and quantitative dimensions, such as the requirement for peak rate is further improved, the highest theoretical rate of single station, the target value is 20Gbps downstream, 10Gbps uplink; peak spectrum efficiency, frequency normalization The highest theoretical rate of the next station, the target value is downlink 30bps/Hz and uplink 15bps/Hz; control plane delay: refers to the IDLE state to the service transmission state, the target value is 10ms; user plane delay: regardless of DRX, the end The end packet transmission delay, for the URLLC service, the target value is 0.5ms uplink and 0.5ms downlink. For the eMBB service, the target value is uplink 4ms and downlink 4ms; intermittent packet service delay: end-to-end packet transmission delay, Under the condition of maximum path loss of 164dB, the transmission delay of 20byte application packet is less than 10 seconds; mobile service interruption time: This indicator mainly evaluates the service interruption time of intra-frequency handover or inter-frequency handover system in NR system, the target is 0ms, in special In the scenario, such as a remote low-value area, the threshold of the indicator can be appropriately relaxed for 10 seconds. Reliability: This indicator evaluates the specified delay in a specific channel environment. Next, the air interface end-to-end packet transmission success rate, for the general URLLC service, the target value is 1 ms delay of the user plane, the success rate of transmitting 32 bytes is 99.99999%; coverage: the maximum path loss at the edge rate of 160 bps, the target value is 164 dB; UE Battery life: mMTC battery life is 10 years; UE energy efficiency: Evaluate the UE to provide more broadband data services while minimizing energy consumption; Service area service capacity: refers to the total service throughput per unit of geographic area (Mbit/ s/m2); connection density: the number of connections that can be provided given the packet loss rate, target value 1000000 device/km2; mobility: means maximum user movement speed under guaranteed QoS, target 500km/h; network Energy efficiency: Network equipment further reduces power consumption and achieves green energy conservation.

new technology

The Massive-MIMO antenna technology implemented by 5G through large-scale array channels not only improves the coverage capability, but also effectively alleviates the capacity pressure. In terms of wireless air interface technology innovation, 5G not only adopts more optimized coding and modulation technology to further improve spectrum transmission efficiency, but also adopts flexible and flexible physical layer parameter setting and signaling flow to further support 5G's design concept for multiple needs. In terms of optimizing the networking architecture, a large number of small base stations are introduced to realize macro-micro collaboration, which not only strengthens the deep coverage of indoor areas, but also enables cell splitting or merging for the dynamic trend of traffic volume, alleviating the pressure brought by the capacity increase, and also Achieve user application requirements such as user positioning. In addition, 5G is not only the innovation of traditional communication technology, but also the finer the data granularity brought by its large bandwidth, which also creates conditions for deep integration with IT technology, making edge computing, big data, artificial intelligence, software. The deep integration of technologies such as virtualization and cloud computing with mobile communication technologies has become possible.

New operation and maintenance mode

With the development of 5G services, it is necessary to consider not only the coordinated operation and maintenance of existing 4G networks, but also the unique characteristics of 5G. The initial 5G adopts the non-independent networking mode (NSA), which can quickly realize the contiguous deployment of the old site, but for the selection of anchor carrier, the re-cultivation of frequency, the collaborative antenna optimization with 4G network, the parameter setting of neighboring area, etc. All aspects need to be focused. In addition, it is necessary to conduct energy-saving measures for the increase of energy consumption of 5G base stations in advance, and carry out reasonable planning for the transformation of power supply for the equipment room. At the same time, in response to the potential large-bandwidth traffic demand in the key service areas, and adapting to the new BBU AAU single-station architecture, it is necessary to reserve the pre-transmission network resources in advance, and to carry out the transformation and upgrade of the equipment room under the C-RAN architecture.

new player

In the traditional communication equipment supply mode, operators need to purchase and use a dedicated communication hardware system. The hardware and software are tightly coupled, and the main equipment manufacturers bundle the software integration into the hardware to purchase and supply. In the development of 5G industry, with the improvement of the processing power of general-purpose hardware, combined with the separation architecture of CU and DU, software and hardware can be fully decoupled, resulting in a fundamental change in the supply mode, and communication controlled by traditional telecom equipment giants. The market may introduce more participants, and more companies that dominate IT software development may become new players.

New thought

5G technology subverts the traditional communication system. The main structure of the networking network tends to be a fixed steady-state conventional idea, enabling operators to reconfigure the network through flexible and variable network configurations. From this point of view, 5G is not only a technical standard innovation, an innovation of operation and maintenance process, an update of supply and demand mode, but also a bold exploration of a new thinking mode. 5G not only needs to rely on its own "connotation" - the improvement of intelligent channel operation and maintenance capability brings a better network experience, but also needs to rely on its "extension" - to promote its own value in the realization of big data, content innovation, etc. Therefore, 5G is a common opportunity for the entire industry chain.